… with two of his regular musical partners over the years.
Danny Thompson with Richard Thompson, The Ghost of You Walks:
and with John Martyn on The Old Grey Whistle Test in 1977; I Couldn’t Love You More:
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Reinforced Concrete Design for Circular Sections to Eurocode 2
As mentioned in the previous post, the Reinforced Concrete Design Functions spreadsheet includes a function for ULS analysis of circular sections, using either a rectangular or a parabolic-linear stress block. A new CircuPF function has now been added, for codes that follow a “partial factor” approach to the analysis, as in Eurocode 2. The input for Eurocode 2 specified factors has also been modified, to allow more convenient input for different National Annex factors. The new spreadsheet can be downloaded from:
RC Design Functions8
The Eurocode parameter input is shown below. At present the only national annexes supported are the Default Eurocode values and the UK:
The output of the CircUPF function has been modified to show only values relevant to the Partial Factor analysis approach:
The graphs below show output comparing results from the spreadsheet, with the parabolic and rectangular stress blocks, with the results from the on-line analysis at EurocodeApplied,
When the rectangular stress block is specified the concrete stress is factored down by 0.9 by default, in accordance with the Eurocode 2 requirements for sections that reduce in width towards the compressive face. For 32 MPa concrete:
- The spreadsheet results with the parabolic stress block and EurocodeApplied results are in near exact agreement, except that the spreadsheet axial load is capped at the value that results in a moment capacity equal to the minimum eccentricity specified in the code.
- With the default 0.9 reduction factor the rectangular stress block is conservative for all axial loads.
Removing the reduction factor the rectangular stress block becomes slightly unconservative at axial loads above the balance load:
For very high strength concrete (of less than 90 MPa strength) the spreadsheet parabolic stress block and EurocodeApplied results remain in excellent agreement. The rectangular stress block results with 0.9m reduction factor are now conservative over the full range, with a reduction in capacity of more than 20% for high axial loads:
Removing the reduction factor the rectangular stress block results become significantly unconservative around the balance load, but remain conservative for high axial loads:
For a concrete strength of 90 MPa (the maximum covered by the current version of Eurocode 2) the spreadsheet gives results consistent with the code, but the EurocodeApplied results terminate at axial loads well below the section capacity (note that compressive axial loads are displayed as negative).
Reducing the concrete strength to 89 MPA generates results over the full range of axial loads:
Posted in Beam Bending, Concrete, Excel, Newton, UDFs, VBA
Tagged Eurocode 2, Eurocodeapplied, Excel, RC Design Functions, Reinforced concrete design, UDFs, UK National Annex, ULS design of circular section, VBA
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ULS Design Functions and EurocodeApplied
The ULS Design Functions spreadsheet (last updated here) has had another update (2.09) to fix a problem when bars in different layers had different E values. The new version assigns the correct E and strain at yield to each layer.
The new version can be downloaded from:
Results for circular or cylindrical sections designed to Eurocode2 can be checked using the calculator at a new site, EurocodeApplied, which has detailed examples of analysis and use of various Eurocodes. Results for a circular section with an axial load of 2000 kN are shown below (click on images for larger view):
The results include detailed numerical output, optionally an interaction diagram (Moment capacity plotted against axial loads), and a detailed description of the analysis procedure, with reference to the relevant code clauses.
The spreadsheet results for the same section and loading to Eurocode 2 are:
There are small differences in the results because:
- The on-line calculation uses the parabolic-linear stress block, whereas the spreadsheet uses the rectangular stress block.
- The on-line calculation uses a much greater number of layers to represent the circular section than the spreadsheet.
The Circu function in the RC Design Functions spreadsheet has an option to use the parabolic-linear stress block, and uses an analysis of the actual circular shape, rather than subdividing into trapezoidal layers, and gives near exact agreement with the on-line results. An example will be provided in a few days.
Posted in Beam Bending, Concrete, Excel, Newton, UDFs, VBA
Tagged Eurocode 2, Eurocodeapplied, Excel, Reinforced concrete design, UDFs, ULS Design Functions, ULS design of circular section, VBA
8 Comments
Numerical integration with on-sheet calculations
Following a comment here I have prepared a spreadsheet that works through the Tanh-Sinh Quadrature process with on-sheet calculations. For that purpose Graeme Dennes has provided a simplified version of the code:
QUAD_RODRIGUEZ_TANH_SINH for finite intervals.
Translated from HP RPN code written by Cesar Rodriguez.
This is the second fastest T-S program I have found, second only to the program by Michalski and Mosig.
This is also the shortest T-S program I have found!
No subroutines. Two nested Do loops.
The spreadsheet calculations and the new VBA code have been added to the zip file with the full set of integration routines, which can be downloaded from:
Tanh-Sinh Quadrature
(Link updated 26th November 2020)
Screenshots from the new spreadsheet are shown below, and the download files include unprotected spreadsheet calculations, and full open source VBA code.
The VBA version of the Quad-Rodriguez_Tanh-Sinh function can be used in the same way as the other functions by Graeme, either evaluating functions entered as text on the spreadsheet, or using the built-in VBA functions:
The spreadsheet calculations on the next sheet show the VBA code in Column A, with the corresponding spreadsheet calculations to the right. The three grey shaded cells allow user input of any function of a single variable and the integration limits:
The bulk of the work is done in two nested do loops, with the outer loop repeated four times, and the inner loop up to 15 times, with the spreadsheet calculations in Columns G to AO in the two screenshots below. Click on the images for a larger view, or download the spreadsheet to follow the calculations in detail:
The results from each of the four outer loops are shown below, with increasing precision from each loop. The final loop returns the exact value of pi to 15 significant figures (the greatest precision available in Excel), and agrees exactly with the VBA function results:
Note that if a different function is entered in cell G4 the spreadsheet calculations will be updated, but the “actual error” figures will not be correct, since they assume an integration with a result equal to pi. Also there may be small differences between the VBA and on-sheet results, since the VBA adds iterations where necessary to reach the required precision, but the on-sheet calculations have a fixed number of iterations.
Posted in Excel, Maths, Newton, Numerical integration, UDFs, VBA
Tagged Excel, numerical integration, on-sheet calculations, Tanh-Sinh Quadrature, UDFs, VBA
10 Comments
Excel functions that return references and new functions
The MyOnlineTrainingHub blog recently posted an article on:
Excel Functions that Return References
As well as comprehensive advice on the use of OFFSET, INDEX, CHOOSE, IF and INDIRECT, it also covers the new functions XLOOKUP (Excel for Microsoft 365 only), and IFS and SWITCH (new in Excel 2019). There is also a worksheet for free download, including all the examples given in the article.
Newton Excel Bach, not (just) an Excel Blog 